WORDS OF CONNECTION
(CONECTIVOS)
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To sum up, linking devices, in my view, serve to raise the standard of written as well as spoken English and support the fluency and native-likeness of any verbal discourse. (Irena Hulková)
Linking words are essential for your writing to be natural and clear. (Viv Quarry)
Cohesive devices are crucial in writing, for they turn separate clauses, sentences, and paragraphs into connected prose, signalling the relationships between ideas, and making obvious the thread of meaning the writer is trying to communicate. (Vivian Zamel)
... they can help to make clear the structure of what is being said; they can indicate what speakers think about what they are saying or what others have said. (Michael Swan)
Words of transition, words of connection, logical connectors, transition devices, cohesive devices, linking words/devices, discourse markers ou connective adjuncts, são algumas das muitas expressões usadas para identificar este aspecto de grande relevância no estudo, não só do inglês, como de todas as línguas. São conjunções, advérbios, preposições, locuções, etc., que servem para estabelecer uma conexão lógica entre frases e elementos da idéia. Em português essas palavras são chamadas de articuladores ou palavras conectivas. O uso correto destas palavras confere solidez ao argumento e consequentemente elegância ao texto.
Vejam nas imagens abaixo uma representação da diferença entre um texto com idéias bem articuladas e um texto desconexo.
 | |  Unconnected text |
| | | |
| Well-connected text | ||
Writing clinics ou writing labs são departamentos nas universidades norte-americanas aos quais os estudantes podem recorrer para obter auxílio e orientação sobre como redigir corretamente seus trabalhos de pesquisa. Normalmente o primeiro e o mais frequentemente ponto abordado nessas clínicas de redação é o uso correto das palavras conectivas. Words of transition são de fundamental importância, uma vez que a beleza do inglês moderno está na clareza e na integridade lógica.
As listas abaixo constituem-se numa ajuda decisiva para quem compõe textos em inglês ou em português, independente do nível de capacidade do redator. Os conectivos da primeira tabela (português e inglês) estão linkados a páginas com mais de 1200 exemplos no total.
Os conectivos, mais frequentemente usados, são:
| INTRODUÇÃO | INTRODUCTION |
| REFERÊNCIA | REFERENCE |
| INTRODUÇÃO OPORTUNA DE NOVO ASSUNTO | CHANGE OF SUBJECT |
| COMENTÁRIO DE REFORÇO | REINFORCEMENT COMMENT |
| CONFORMIDADE | AGREEMENT |
| ÊNFASE | EMPHASIS |
| CAUSA E MOTIVO | CAUSE |
| DECORRÊNCIA | RESULT, CONSEQUENCE |
| CONCLUSÃO LÓGICA | INFERENCE, CONCLUSION |
| PROPÓSITO | PURPOSE |
| DEMARCADORES DE PERÍODOS ENTRE O PRESENTE E O FUTURO | PROJECTING THE PRESENT INTO THE FUTURE |
| DEMARCADORES DE PERÍODOS PASSADOS | SCANNING THE PAST INTO THE PRESENT |
| INDICADORES DE PERÍODOS PRESENTES | INDICATING PERIODS IN THE PRESENT |
| SIMULTANEIDADE | SIMULTANEITY |
| INDICADORES DE CIRCUNSTANCIALIDADE | DEFINING CIRCUMSTANCES |
| GENERALIZAÇÃO E REGULARIDADE | GENERALIZING |
| EVENTOS COINCIDENTES | COINCIDENTAL EVENTS |
| PROPORCIONALIDADE EM RELAÇÃO AO TEMPO | TIME RELATIONSHIP |
| INDICADORES DE DESTINATÁRIO | ADDRESSING |
| ENFRAQUECEDORES | WEAKENERS |
| EXCLUSÃO | EXCLUSION |
| POSICIONAMENTO | POSITION DEFINERS |
| CERTEZA | ASSURANCE |
| EQUIVALÊNCIA, PARALELISMO | EQUIVALENCE, PARALLEL IDEAS |
| CONDIÇÃO | CONDITION |
| CONTRASTE | CONTRAST |
| REITERANDO, DETALHANDO | REITERATING, GIVING DETAILS |
| EXEMPLIFICANDO | PROVIDING EXAMPLE |
| SINALIZAÇÃO DE LINGUAGEM METAFÓRICA | INDICATING METAPHORICAL LANGUAGE |
| ALTERNÂNCIA | ALTERNATION |
| LIMITAÇÃO DE APLICABILIDADE | APPLICABILITY LIMITATION |
| ACRÉSCIMO | ADDITION |
| EXCEÇÃO | EXCEPTION |
| SUBSTITUIÇÃO | SUBSTITUTION |
| CONSEQUÊNCIA DA NÃO-OCORRÊNCIA DE UMA CONDIÇÃO | CONSEQUENCE OF NONFULFILLMENT |
| DESCONSIDERANDO | DISMISSAL |
| RELEMBRANÇA | REMINDER |
| FINALIZAÇÃO, RESUMO | CLOSURE, SUMMARY |
Abaixo segue uma lista mais abrangente de palavras e locuções conectivas só do inglês, agrupadas por tipo de ligação que estabelecem. Esta lista facilita a localização rápida do conectivo que se procura, sendo útil especialmente para alunos avançados que possuem boa familiaridade com o inglês escrito:
| INTRODUCTION AND REFERENCE | on the other hand regarding speaking of to begin with to start with with regard to | |
| as referred to (at) first by the way changing the subject concerning | considering first of all in reference to in the first place initially | |
| AGREEMENT | in accordance with in agreement in conformity |
| according to as per |
| COMPARISON | in comparison (with) in the same way similarly |
| comparing likewise |
| CONTRAST | considering that conversely despite even so even though for all that for (my, his, ...) part given that however | in contrast in (the) face of in (the) light of in spite of (that) meanwhile nevertheless nonetheless notwithstanding on the other hand | still then again though unlike whereas while yet |
| after (all) alternatively although as opposed to at the same time but by contrast by the same token |
| EMPHASIS | even more in any event indeed in particular least of all let alone mainly more important(ly) | most important(ly) most of all naturally particularly positively primarily principally specifically | the basic cause the chief factor the key point unquestionably valuable to note without a doubt |
| above all a key feature a major concern definitely especially (not) especially significant |
| ADDITION | both ... and either ... or equally important further furthermore in addition (to) indeed jointly | last but not least likewise moreover neither ... nor next not only ... but also not to mention not to speak of | on top of that or plus similarly together with what's more |
| again also and (then) as well as at the same time besides |
| ADDING A REMARK | in fact on the contrary the truth is |
| as a matter of fact incidentally |
| EXPLANATION OF CAUSE | in view of now that on account of since that is because | |
| as as a result of because (of) | due to for in order that | |
| RESULT | for this reason for which reason hence in short so much (so) that so that | such ... that that is why then thereby therefore thus |
| accordingly as a consequence as a result consequently |
| PURPOSE | in return for so as to so that to | to the purpose of to this end with this in mind with this purpose |
| in an effort to in order that in order to |
| TIME RELATIONSHIP | nowadays presently shortly (after) simultaneously since so far soon temporarily | then thereafter throughout thereupon until up until now while yet at the same time | |
| after a while afterward(s) as time goes by at last at present at this point currently | from now on immediately in the meantime lately later meanwhile now | ||
| ORDERING | second secondly third following next | then later after that last finally |
| first firstly first of all in the first place |
| CIRCUMSTANCES | in my opinion in terms of in the midst of on the part of |
| as a last resort as a rule from the standpoint of |
| ADDRESSING INFORMATION |
| for your information to whom it may concern |
| ESTABLISHING A LIMIT | as far as I'm concerned as far as I understand as well as I know for the time being so far |
| as far as I can remember as far as I can tell as far as I know |
| CONDITION | if not in case of in case (that) in the event of | in the event (that) on condition that only if or (else) | otherwise provided (that) providing (that) whether or not |
| as long as even if if |
| DISMISSAL | |
| anyway at any rate | in any case whatever the case may be |
| EXCEPTION / EXCLUSION | |
| apart from (that) aside from except for | not ... yet other than that unless |
| EXAMPLE | including in particular in this case in this manner | namely such as take the case of that is | the following example to illustrate |
| for example for instance in another case |
| SUBSTITUTION / PREFERENCE | |
| in place of instead of | rather (than) in exchange for |
| REITERATION / REFORMULATION | |
| as I have said I mean in other words more simply | or rather that is to put it another way |
| CONCLUSION | so therefore |
| for this reason |
| GENERALIZING | by and large essentially for the most part generally | generally speaking in general on the whole overall |
| all in all as a rule basically |
| INTERMEDIATING | in doing so this way through (which) |
| by by means of |
| CONCESSION | at the same time granted that I admit | it may appear that naturally of course |
| after all although it is true that although this may be true |
| EVIDENCE | indeed it's no wonder naturally needless to say | obviously of course without question without a doubt |
| as you (anyone) can see certainly evidently |
| CONCLUSION / SUMMARY | in short in summary last(ly) on the whole overall | therefore to conclude to summarize to sum up | |
| after all all in all all things considered as we have seen | at last finally in brief in conclusion | ||
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