terça-feira, 30 de outubro de 2012

Video: A verdadeira historia do Halloween


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terça-feira, 23 de outubro de 2012

English Experts: Palavras Homógrafas: a mesma palavra com significados diferentes

English Experts: Palavras Homógrafas: a mesma palavra com significados diferentes (avançado)

Link to English Experts
Posted: 23 Oct 2012 08:27 AM PDT
No artigo da semana passada falei sobre palavras homógrafas (homographs), ou seja, aquelas que são escritas da mesma forma, mas têm significados diferentes. Foquei em palavras um pouco mais corriqueiras, do dia-a-dia do inglês. Hoje darei continuidade ao tema listando palavras menos básicas, porém igualmente importantes. Vamos começar com três palavras que se referem a animais.
  1. BEAR: Pode ser apenas um urso, mas quando usado como verbo tem o sentido de suportar, tolerar: “I can’t bear the thought of losing you.” (Eu não posso suportar a ideia de te perder.)
  2. BAT: Básico: morcego. Porém, bat também pode ser um bastão, como por exemplo, aqueles usados no baseball.
  3. QUAIL: Essa palavra já é um pouco mais sofisticada. O quail como substantivo é a codorna, como verbo significa recuar com medo. “He quailed when he saw the tiger getting closer.” (Ele
    recuou quando viu o tigre se aproximando.)
  4. SINK – Se entrar água num navio ele pode afundar (sink), mas entrar água na sua pia (sink) é normal.
  5. WAVE – Uma wave é uma onda, mas se você “wave” para alguém, você está acenando para essa pessoa.
  6. BOW – Os orientais em geral utilizam muito essa forma de cumprimentar, curvando-se levemente para frente, mas quando falamos de um bow estamos nos referindo a um arco, como no esporte de arco e flecha (bow and arrow).
  7. TEAR – Uma tear é uma lágrima, mas se você “tear” algo você rasga essa coisa.
E aí? Gostaram? Conhecer as palavras homógrafas também pode ser uma excelente forma de ampliar o vocabulário. Aproveite!
Gostou da dica? Para comentar e compartilhar com os amigos clique no link: Palavras Homógrafas: a mesma palavra com significados diferentes (avançado).
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terça-feira, 16 de outubro de 2012

English Experts - Aprendendo o vocabulário das eleições em inglês


Aprendendo o vocabulário das eleições em inglês

por | 13/02/2012 | 6 comentários

Mitt Romney, Newt Gingrich, Barack Obama… Seja você um tradicional leitor do The New York Times, um fã dos britânicos mais pedidos no vestibular – os da The Economist - ou simplesmente um adorador das capas estilosas da The New Yorker, já deve ter lido esses nomes um milhão de vezes. Período de eleições, mesmo no Brasil, sempre vem acompanhado de jargões políticos. Não poderia ser diferente na terra do Tio Sam. Então, que tal dar uma olhada em palavras que frequentemente aparecem nos noticiários norteamericanos para saber exatamente do que eles estão falando? Aqui no English Experts já tivemos um outro post sobre vocabulário de eleições, que pode ser lido aqui.
  • Ballot box: são as urnas eleitorais, com uma abertura para inserir os ballot papers ou marked ballots.
  • Caucus: um encontro político fechado, geralmente feito por um partido para definir questões administrativas, como a escolha de candidatos.
  • Electoral college: é o corpo eleitoral ou colégio eleitoral. Feito de electors, também conhecidos como voters.
  • Front-runner: o competidor (nesse caso, candidato) que está se saindo melhor na competição.
  • Lame duck: alguém que ocupa uma posição política mas que não pode ou não quer concorrer à reeleição – ou seja, possui pouco poder atualmente.
  • Moderate: quem não compactua com posições políticas extremas (o nosso “moderado” ou “de centro”). É o antônimo de extremist/radical.
  • Opposition: é a famigerada oposição, que disputa a posição política com quem está no poder.
  • Primary ou primaries: encontro de eleitores de um partido específico para nomear candidatos e escolher delegados dentre seus membros.
  • Speech: discurso – nesse caso, presidencial (lembra do Obama cantando? Exatamente).
  • Suffrage: é o direito ao voto.
  • Summit: pode ser tanto o topo, cume (ponto mais alto de uma montanha, de um governo) como um encontro entre líderes mundiais. Um exemplo é o “G8 Summit”.
  • Swing voter: eleitor que não possui filiação a nenhum partido em especial e, exatamente por isso, pode mudar o resultado de uma eleição. São também chamados de floating voters.
  • Tea party: pode ser uma festinha à tarde regada a chá? Pode. Mas, em política americana, refere-se a um movimento de políticas conservadoras, de ultradireita. Não é um partido político oficialmente.
  • To cast a vote: outro jeito de se referir ao ato de votar.
  • To support: apoiar (nesse caso, algum partido ou candidato). Quem apoia são os supporters.
  • Turnout: é um conjunto de pessoas que se reúnem para um evento específico; ou seja, o público ou os participantes.
  • Two-party system: é o sistema político americano, pautado em dois partidos principais: o democrata e o republicano. É também chamado debicameralism ou bipartisan.
Além dessas palavras, a BBC Learning English, associada à BBC College of Journalism, oferece alguns exercícios sobre vocabulário de eleições. Vale a pena conferir, porque há exercícios de associar palavras, de reading e de listening!
Perguntas para os leitores antenados no mundo político: vocês conhecem mais alguma palavra ou termo frequentemente usado nos noticiários políticos em inglês? Se sim, há algum correlato em português?
That’s all folks! Study hard and see you next time!
Sobre a imagem do post: Capa da The New Yorker sobre a disputa republicana para definir seu candidato – e a vista de camarote do já-definido candidato democrata, o presidente Barack Obama.
Sobre a Autora: Mariana Fonseca é estudante de Jornalismo. Paulistana, tímida, leitora ávida e nerd até dizer chega. Fez alguns anos de curso de inglês, mas passou boa parte de seus estudos como autodidata. Atualmente, escreve crônicas e outros textos literários em seu blog pessoal, o Literando.
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 source: http://www.englishexperts.com.br/2012/02/13/aprendendo-o-vocabulario-das-eleicoes-em-ingles/
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segunda-feira, 15 de outubro de 2012

É correto chamar o professor de Teacher? - FROM ENGLISH EXPERTS

É correto chamar o professor de Teacher?

por | 15/11/2009 | 50 comentários

Uma das coisas que mais me motiva a estudar inglês é saber que eu ainda tenho muito o que aprender. E confesso, algumas coisas me pegam de surpresa, e eu fico pensando – “Poxa! Estudo inglês há tanto tempo e nunca tinha pensado nisso”. Mas, bola pra frente, o esquema é enfiar a informação correta na cabeça, se desprender do que você tinha aprendido errado no passado e seguir os estudos, firme e forte. A propósito (by the way), “bola pra frente” em inglês é chin up e a expressão “firme e forte” pode ser traduzida como alive and kicking.
Continuando, uma pessoa muito querida me informou que eu não deveria chamar o Donay de “teacher Donay”; nem ele e nenhum outro professor que eu conhecesse. Minha primeira reação foi achar que a pessoa querida estava maluca, mas essa pessoa conhece inglês “um pouquinho” mais do que eu, então eu achei melhor acreditar.
Pensemos nas seguintes situações (por favor, observem se existe algum erro nas frases abaixo):
A) Aula de inglês na escola XYZ
Maria: Teacher, qual a tradução de “table”?
Teacher: “Table” significa “mesa”.
B) Carol chega em casa
Mãe da Carol: Carol, como foi a aula de inglês?
Carol: A teacher ensinou o nome dos bichos em inglês. Sapo é frog, cachorro é dog.
(bastante comum, não é? Acho até que a gente aprende a chamar o professor de teacher antes mesmo da overdose de verb to be)
C) Comentários da Flávia em posts do fórum
“complementando a informação do teacher Donay…”, “Obrigada pela resposta, teacher Donay!”, é várias outras…
Você notou algo de anormal em alguma das três situações?
Bem, vou confessar que acabei de pesquisar por “teacher Donay” no campo de busca aqui do blog, achei 16 ocorrências, 11 delas escritas por mim, ou seja, 70%. Portanto, é bem possível que o que eu vou escrever abaixo não seja novidade para a maioria das pessoas (de qualquer forma, espero que seja útil para alguém, tanto quanto foi pra mim).
Lendo “Forms of Address in English” (indicação do Henry Cunha, link no final do post), descobri que a forma de se dirigir a um professor, em países falantes de inglês, difere bastante da maneira brasileira de tratamento. Em resumo, chamar o professor de teacher, na maioria dos casos, é fazer pouco caso do nome dele, é desrespeitoso. O correto é chamá-lo de “Mr + sobrenome”, e das formas mais detalhadas nos exemplos abaixo. Razão? “Teacher” é um título, é o mesmo do que chegar numa empresa e dizer “hey, analista de sistemas!”, em vez de usar o nome da pessoa.
Comentários sobre o assunto na Internet:
“To me, “teacher” is rude, it sounds like you don’t want to take the time to learn their proper name or address them correctly.”
“To merely address your teacher as “teacher” rather than Mr., Mrs, or Miss is quite impersonal… considered somewhat rude!”
“…it’s okay with the teacher, especially if you’re in kindergarten and can’t remember your teacher’s name. No if it’s not okay with the teacher. I would ask first. It may be disrespectful. If the teacher says okay, be ready to be called student, green shirt boy, etc.” (Adorei essa!)
“The use of the word “teacher” in a classroom setting in English-speaking countries may occur only in elementary school but very occasionally, perhaps only in the first few days of the school year, when the little ones haven’t memorized the new teacher’s name yet. Never in high school or elsewhere.”
“This is a typical case of idiomatic contrast and a common interference of Portuguese and for this reason it can easily occur in English schools all over Brazil.”
“(…) All through elementary and secondary school, we say “Mr / Ms So-and-So,” in addressing any teacher. (There’s nothing like “tia” also.) In university, it’s either “Professor, …” or “Mr. So-and-so,…” (when you know s/he doesn’t have a doctorate), or “Dr. So-and-so,…” (when you do know)., but “Professor” for anybody anytime, regardless of degrees. (…)
Ensino pré-universitário: “Professor” is “teacher”, addressed as Mr. or Ms + Last Name.
Universidade: “Professor” is “professor”, always addressed as Mr/Ms/Dr + Last Name or Professor + Last Name.
So you can see why I find it strange to see “teacher Donay.” It wouldn’t be used like that at any level.”
Looking forward to reading your comments about.
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29.jpg
Flávia Magalhães
Flávia Magalhães é estudante de inglês e colabora periodicamente com artigos para o EE. Além disso ela é moderadora do Fórum do English Experts. SOURCE: http://www.englishexperts.com.br/2009/11/15/e-correto-chamar-o-professor-de-teacher/
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domingo, 14 de outubro de 2012

Dia das bruxas - HALLOWEEN


Dia das bruxas

Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.
(Redirecionado de Halloween)
Ir para: navegação, pesquisa
Disambig grey.svg Nota: Halloween redireciona para este artigo. Para outros significados, veja Halloween (desambiguação).
Dia das bruxas
Jack-o'-Lantern 2003-10-31.jpg
. Coca iluminada.
Também chamado por Haloween
Tipo Secular
Seguido por Mundial
Data 31 de Outubro Faltam
17
dias
Início Amanhecer
Término Meia-noite
O Dia das Bruxas (Halloween -lido Ralouín- é o nome original na língua inglesa) é um evento tradicional e cultural, que ocorre basicamente em países anglo-saxônicos, mas com especial relevância nos Estados Unidos, Canadá, Irlanda e Reino Unido, tendo como base e origem as celebrações dos antigos povos (não existe referências de onde surgiram essas celebrações).[1][2][3]

Índice

Etimologia

Posto que, entre o pôr-do-sol do dia 31 de outubro e 1° de novembro, ocorria a noite sagrada (hallow evening, em inglês), acredita-se que assim se deu origem ao nome actual da festa: Hallow Evening → Hallowe'en → Halloween. Rapidamente se conclui que o termo "Dia das bruxas" não é utilizado pelos povos de língua inglesa, sendo essa uma designação apenas dos povos de língua (oficial) portuguesa.
Outra hipótese é que a Igreja Católica tenha tentado eliminar a festa pagã do Samhain instituindo restrições na véspera do Dia de Todos os Santos. Este dia seria conhecido nos países de língua inglesa como All Hallows' Eve.
A relação da comemoração desta data com as bruxas propriamente ditas teria começado na Idade Média no seguimento das perseguições incitadas por líderes políticos e religiosos, sendo conduzidos julgamentos pela Inquisição, com o intuito de condenar os homens ou mulheres que fossem considerados curandeiros e/ou pagãos. Todos os que fossem alvo de tal suspeita eram designados por bruxos ou bruxas, com elevado sentido negativo e pejorativo, devendo ser julgados pelo tribunal do Santo Ofício e, na maioria das vezes, queimados na fogueira nos designados autos-de-fé.
Essa designação se perpetuou e a comemoração do halloween, levada até aos Estados Unidos pelos emigrantes irlandeses (povo de etnia e cultura celta) no século XIX, ficou assim conhecida como "dia das bruxas", uma lenda histórica.

História

Um cartão comemorativo do Halloween.
A origem do halloween remonta às tradições dos povos que habitaram a Gália e as ilhas da Grã-Bretanha entre os anos 600 a.C. e 800 d.C., embora com marcadas diferenças em relação às atuais abóboras ou da famosa frase "Gostosuras ou travessuras", exportada pelos Estados Unidos, que popularizaram a comemoração. Originalmente, o halloween não tinha relação com bruxas. Era um festival do calendário celta da Irlanda, o festival de Samhain, celebrado entre 30 de outubro e 2 de novembro e marcava o fim do verão (samhain significa literalmente "fim do verão").
A celebração do Halloween tem duas origens que no transcurso da História foram se misturando:

Origem Pagã

A origem pagã tem a ver com a celebração celta chamada Samhain, que tinha como objetivo dar culto aos mortos. A invasão das Ilhas Britânicas pelos Romanos (46 A.C.) acabou mesclando a cultura latina com a celta, sendo que esta última acabou minguando com o tempo. Em fins do século II, com a evangelização desses territórios, a religião dos Celtas, chamada druidismo, já tinha desaparecido na maioria das comunidades. Pouco sabemos sobre a religião dos druidas, pois não se escreveu nada sobre ela: tudo era transmitido oralmente de geração para geração. Sabe-se que as festividades do Samhain eram celebradas muito possivelmente entre os dias 5 e 7 de novembro (a meio caminho entre o equinócio de verão e o solstício de inverno). Eram precedidas por uma série de festejos que duravam uma semana, e davam ao ano novo celta. A "festa dos mortos" era uma das suas datas mais importantes, pois celebrava o que para nós seriam "o céu e a terra" (conceitos que só chegaram com o cristianismo). Para os celtas, o lugar dos mortos era um lugar de felicidade perfeita, onde não haveria fome nem dor. A festa era celebrada com ritos presididos pelos sacerdotes druidas, que atuavam como "médiuns" entre as pessoas e os seus antepassados. Dizia-se também que os espíritos dos mortos voltavam nessa data para visitar seus antigos lares e guiar os seus familiares rumo ao outro mundo.

Origem Católica

Desde o século IV a Igreja da Síria consagrava um dia para festejar "Todos os Mártires". Três séculos mais tarde o Papa Bonifácio IV († 615) transformou um templo romano dedicado a todos os deuses (Panteão) num templo cristão e o dedicou a "Todos os Santos", a todos os que nos precederam na fé. A festa em honra de Todos os Santos, inicialmente era celebrada no dia 13 de maio, mas o Papa Gregório III († 741) mudou a data para 1º de novembro, que era o dia da dedicação da capela de Todos os Santos na Basílica de São Pedro, em Roma. Mais tarde, no ano de 840, o Papa Gregório IV ordenou que a festa de Todos os Santos fosse celebrada universalmente. Como festa grande, esta também ganhou a sua celebração vespertina ou vigília, que prepara a festa no dia anterior (31 de outubro). Na tradução para o inglês, essa vigília era chamada All Hallow’s Eve (Vigília de Todos os Santos), passando depois pelas formas All Hallowed Eve e "All Hallow Een" até chegar à palavra atual "Halloween".

Atualmente

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crianças com fantasias de dia das bruxas na Suécia.
Se analisarmos o modo como o Halloween é celebrado hoje, veremos que pouco tem a ver com as suas origens: só restou uma alusão aos mortos, mas com um carácter completamente distinto do que tinha ao princípio. Além disso foi sendo pouco a pouco incorporada toda uma série de elementos estranhos tanto à festa de Finados como à de Todos os Santos.
Entre os elementos acrescidos, temos por exemplo o costume dos "disfarces", muito possivelmente nascido na França entre os séculos XIV e XV. Nessa época a Europa foi flagelada pela Peste Negra e a peste bubônica dizimou perto da metade da população do Continente, criando entre os católicos um grande temor e preocupação com a morte. Multiplicaram se as Missas na festa dos Fiéis Defuntos e nasceram muitas representações artísticas que recordavam às pessoas a sua própria mortalidade, algumas dessas representações eram conhecidas como danças da morte ou danças macabras.
Alguns fiéis, dotados de um espírito mais burlesco, costumavam adornar na véspera da festa de finados as paredes dos cemitérios com imagens do diabo puxando uma fila de pessoas para a tumba: papas, reis, damas, cavaleiros, monges, camponeses, leprosos, etc. (afinal, a morte não respeita ninguém). Também eram feitas representações cênicas, com pessoas disfarçadas de personalidades famosas e personificando inclusive a morte, à qual todos deveriam chegar.
Possivelmente, a tradição de pedir um doce, sob ameaça de fazer uma travessura (trick or treat, "doce ou travessura"), teve origem na Inglaterra, no período da perseguição protestante contra os católicos (1500-1700). Nesse período, os católicos ingleses foram privados dos seus direitos legais e não podiam exercer nenhum cargo público. Além disso, foram lhes infligidas multas, altos impostos e até mesmo a prisão. Celebrar a missa era passível da pena capital e centenas de sacerdotes foram martirizados. Produto dessa perseguição foi a tentativa de atentado contra o rei protestante Jorge I. O plano, conhecido como Gunpowder Plot ("Conspiração da pólvora"), era fazer explodir o Parlamento, matando o rei, e assim dar início a um levante dos católicos oprimidos. A trama foi descoberta em 5 de novembro de 1605, quando um católico converso chamado Guy Fawkes foi apanhado guardando pólvora na sua casa, tendo sido enforcado logo em seguida. Em pouco tempo a data converteu se numa grande festa na Inglaterra (que perdura até hoje): muitos protestantes a celebravam usando máscaras e visitando as casas dos católicos para exigir deles cerveja e pastéis, dizendo lhes: trick or treat (doce ou travessuras). Mais tarde, a comemoração do dia de Guy Fawkes chegou à América trazida pelos primeiros colonos, que a transferiram para o dia 31 de outubro, unindo a com a festa do Halloween, que havia sido introduzida no país pelos imigrantes irlandeses. Vemos, portanto, que a atual festa do Halloween é produto da mescla de muitas tradições, trazidas pelos colonos no século XVIII para os Estados Unidos e ali integradas de modo peculiar na sua cultura. Muitas delas já foram esquecidas na Europa, onde hoje, por colonização cultural dos Estados Unidos, aparece o Halloween enquanto desaparecem as tradições locais.

Novos elementos do Halloween

A celebração do 31 de Outubro, muito possivelmente em virtude da sua origem como festa dos druidas, vem sendo ultimamente promovida por diversos grupos neo-pagãos, e em alguns casos assume o caráter de celebração ocultista. Hollywood fornece vários filmes, entre os quais se destaca a série Halloween, na qual a violência plástica e os assassinatos acabam por criar no espectador um estado de angústia e ansiedade. Muitos desses filmes, apesar das restrições de exibição, acabam sendo vistos por crianças, gerando nelas o medo e uma idéia errônea da realidade. Porém, não existe ligação dessa festa com o mal. Na celebração atual do Halloween, podemos notar a presença de muitos elementos ligados ao folclore em torno da bruxaria. As fantasias, enfeites e outros itens comercializados por ocasião dessa festa estão repletos de bruxas, gatos pretos, vampiros, fantasmas e monstros, no entanto isso não reflete a realidade pagã.

Nota

A lanterna vegetal chamada de "Jack-o'-lantern" em inglês, em Portugal chama-se coca e no Brasil existe um personagem de folclore chamado Cuca. Em Portugal, a Abóbora do Dia das Bruxas e é uma tradição ancestral.
  • Coca: papão; abóbora vazia (ou panela) com buracos representativos dos olhos e da boca com uma luz dentro, para meter medo, à noite.

Referências

  1. ↑ Gyles Brandreth (11 de Março de 2000). "The Devil is gaining ground" (em inglês). The Sunday Telegraph. Página visitada em 31 de Outubro de 2009..
  2. ↑ Halloween: Satan's New Year (2006) by Billye Dymally, Halloween: Counterfeit Holy Day (2005) by Kele Gershom, and Halloween: What's a Christian to Do? (1998) by Steve Russo. An opposing viewpoint is found in The Magic Eightball Test: A Christian Defense of Halloween and All Things Spooky (2006) by Lint Hatcher.
  3. ↑ Kevin Reece (24 de Outubro de 2004). "School District Bans Halloween" (em inglês). KOMO News. Página visitada em 31 de Outubro de 2009.

Ligações externas

O Commons possui uma categoria com multimídias sobre Dia das bruxas

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Halloween - WITCHES' DAY


Halloween

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the holiday. For other uses, see Halloween (disambiguation).
Halloween
Halloween
A jack-o'-lantern, one of the symbols of Halloween
Also called All Hallows' Eve
All Saints' Eve
Samhain
Observed by Western Christians & many non-Christians around the world[1]
Date October 31
Celebrations Parades, festivals, costume parties, trick-or-treating/guising, carving pumpkins, ghost tours, haunted attractions, Hell houses, bonfires, divination, apple bobbing, fireworks displays
Observances Church services,[2] prayer,[3] fasting,[1] and vigils[4]
Related to Samhain, All Saints' Day (cf. vigils)
Halloween or Hallowe'en (a contraction of its original title "All Hallows' Evening"),[5] also known as All Hallows' Eve,[6] is a yearly holiday observed around the world on October 31, the eve before the Western Christian feast of All Hallows. According to some scholars, All Hallows' Eve initially incorporated traditions from pagan harvest festivals and festivals honoring the dead, particularly the Celtic Samhain;[6][7][8] other scholars maintain that the feast originated entirely independently of Samhain.[9]
Typical festive Halloween activities include trick-or-treating (also known as "guising"), attending costume parties, carving pumpkins into jack-o'-lanterns, lighting bonfires, apple bobbing, visiting haunted attractions, playing pranks, telling scary stories, and watching horror films.

Contents

History

Etymology

The word Halloween was first used in the 16th century and represents a Scottish variant of the fuller All-Hallows'-Even ("evening"), that is, the night before All Hallows' Day.[10] Although the phrase All Hallows' is found in Old English (ealra hālgena mæssedæg, mass-day of all saints), All-Hallows-Even is itself not seen until 1556.[10]

Pre-Christian influences

The Halloween holiday is commonly thought to have pagan roots, even though the etymology of the word is Christian.[11] Historian Nicholas Rogers, exploring the origins of Halloween, notes that while "some folklorists have detected its origins in the Roman feast of Pomona, the goddess of fruits and seeds, or in the festival of the dead called Parentalia, it is more typically linked to the Celtic festival of Samhain, derived from the Old Irish Samuin meaning "summer's end".[11] Samhain was the first and the most important of the four quarter days in the medieval Irish and Scottish[12] calendar[13][14] and, falling on the last day of autumn, it was a time for stock-taking and preparation for the cold winter months ahead.[11] There was also a sense that this was the time of year when the physical and supernatural worlds were closest and magical things could happen.[13][14] The souls of the dead were supposed to revisit their homes on Samhain eve. [15] To ward off these spirits, the Gaels built huge, symbolically regenerative bonfires and invoked the help of the gods through animal and perhaps even human sacrifice.[11] In the Western Isles of Scotland the Sluagh, or fairy host was regarded as composed of the souls of the dead flying through the air, and the feast of the dead at Hallowe'en was likewise the festival of the fairies.[16]

Christian influences

Snap-Apple Night (1832) by Daniel Maclise.
Depicts apple bobbing and divination games at a Halloween party in Blarney, Ireland.
Halloween is also thought to have been heavily influenced by the Christian holy days of All Saints' Day (also known as Hallowmas, All Hallows, and Hallowtide) and All Souls' Day.[17] Falling on November 1 and 2 respectively, collectively they were a time for honoring the saints and praying for the recently departed who had yet to reach Heaven. Pope Gregory IV ordered its church-wide observance in 837.[18] By the end of the 12th century they had become holy days of obligation across Europe and involved such traditions as ringing bells for the souls in purgatory and "souling", the custom of baking bread or soul cakes for "all crysten christened souls".[19] It was traditionally believed that the souls of the departed wandered the earth until All Saints' Day, and All Hallows' Eve provided one last chance for the dead to gain vengeance on their enemies before moving onto the next world.[20] To avoid being recognised by a soul, Christians would wear masks and costumes to disguise themselves, following the lighted candles set by others to guide their travel for worship the next day.[20] Today, this practice has been perpetuated through children guising (trick or treating).[20]
In Britain the rituals of Hallowtide and Halloween came under attack during the Reformation as Protestants denounced purgatory as a "popish" doctrine incompatible with the notion of predestination.[17] In addition the increasing popularity of Guy Fawkes Night (5 November) from 1605 on saw Halloween become eclipsed in Britain with the notable exception of Scotland.[21] There and in Ireland, they had been celebrating Samhain and Halloween since the early Middle Ages,[12] and the kirk took a more pragmatic approach towards Halloween, viewing it as important to the life cycle and rites of passage of local communities and thus ensuring its survival in the country.[21] North American almanacs of the late 18th and early 19th century give no indication that Halloween was recognized as a holiday.[22] The Puritans of New England, for example, maintained strong opposition to the holiday[22] and it was not until the mass Irish and Scottish immigration during the 19th century that the holiday was introduced to the continent in earnest.[22] Initially confined to the immigrant communities during the mid-19th century, it was gradually assimilated into mainstream society and by the first decade of the 20th century it was being celebrated coast to coast by people of all social, racial and religious backgrounds.[23]

Symbols

Jack-o'-lanterns in Kobe, Japan
Development of artifacts and symbols associated with Halloween formed over time. For instance, the carving of jack-o'-lanterns springs from the Samhain custom of carving turnips into lanterns as a way of remembering the souls held in purgatory.[24] The turnip has traditionally been used in Ireland and Scotland at Halloween,[25][26] but immigrants to North America used the native pumpkin, which is both much softer and much larger – making it easier to carve than a turnip.[25] Subsequently, the mass marketing of various size pumpkins in autumn, in both the corporate and local markets, has made pumpkins universally available for this purpose. The American tradition of carving pumpkins is recorded in 1837[27] and was originally associated with harvest time in general, not becoming specifically associated with Halloween until the mid-to-late 19th century.[28]
The imagery of Halloween is derived from many sources, including national customs, works of Gothic and horror literature (such as the novels Frankenstein and Dracula) and classic horror films (such as Frankenstein and The Mummy).[29] One of the earliest works on the subject of Halloween is from Scottish poet John Mayne, who, in 1780, made note of pranks at Halloween; "What fearfu' pranks ensue!", as well as the supernatural associated with the night, "Bogies" (ghosts), influencing Robert Burns' Halloween 1785.[30] Elements of the autumn season, such as pumpkins, corn husks and scarecrows, are also prevalent. Homes are often decorated with these types of symbols around Halloween.
Halloween imagery includes themes of death, evil, the occult, and mythical monsters.[31] Black and orange are the holiday's traditional colors.

Trick-or-treating and guising

Main article: Trick-or-treating
Trick-or-treating in Sweden
Trick-or-treating is a customary celebration for children on Halloween. Children go in costume from house to house, asking for treats such as candy or sometimes money, with the question, "Trick or treat?" The word "trick" refers to a (mostly idle) "threat" to perform mischief on the homeowners or their property if no treat is given. In this custom the child performs some sort of trick, i.e. sings a song or tells a ghost story, to earn their treats.
The practice of dressing up in costumes and begging door to door for treats on holidays dates back to the Middle Ages and includes Christmas wassailing. Trick-or-treating resembles the late medieval practice of souling, when poor folk would go door to door on Hallowmas (1 November), receiving food in return for prayers for the dead on All Souls' Day (2 November). It originated in Ireland and Britain,[19] although similar practices for the souls of the dead were found as far south as Italy.[32] Shakespeare mentions the practice in his comedy The Two Gentlemen of Verona (1593), when Speed accuses his master of "puling [whimpering or whining] like a beggar at Hallowmas."[33]
In Scotland and Ireland, Guising – children disguised in costume going from door to door for food or coins  – is a traditional Halloween custom, and is recorded in Scotland at Halloween in 1895 where masqueraders in disguise carrying lanterns made out of scooped out turnips, visit homes to be rewarded with cakes, fruit and money.[26] The practice of Guising at Halloween in North America is first recorded in 1911, where a newspaper in Kingston, Ontario reported children going "guising" around the neighborhood.[34]
American historian and author Ruth Edna Kelley of Massachusetts wrote the first book length history of the holiday in the U.S; The Book of Hallowe'en (1919), and references souling in the chapter "Hallowe'en in America";
The taste in Hallowe'en festivities now is to study old traditions, and hold a Scotch party, using Burn's poem Hallowe'en as a guide; or to go a-souling as the English used. In short, no custom that was once honored at Hallowe'en is out of fashion now.[35]
Halloween in Yonkers, New York, US
In her book, Kelley touches on customs that arrived from across the Atlantic; "Americans have fostered them, and are making this an occasion something like what it must have been in its best days overseas. All Halloween customs in the United States are borrowed directly or adapted from those of other countries".[36]
While the first reference to "guising" in North America occurs in 1911, another reference to ritual begging on Halloween appears, place unknown, in 1915, with a third reference in Chicago in 1920.[37]
The earliest known use in print of the term "trick or treat" appears in 1927, from Blackie, Alberta, Canada:
Hallowe'en provided an opportunity for real strenuous fun. No real damage was done except to the temper of some who had to hunt for wagon wheels, gates, wagons, barrels, etc., much of which decorated the front street. The youthful tormentors were at back door and front demanding edible plunder by the word “trick or treat” to which the inmates gladly responded and sent the robbers away rejoicing.[38]
The thousands of Halloween postcards produced between the turn of the 20th century and the 1920s commonly show children but do not depict trick-or-treating.[39] The editor of a collection of over 3,000 vintage Halloween postcards writes, "There are cards which mention the custom [of trick-or-treating] or show children in costumes at the doors, but as far as we can tell they were printed later than the 1920s and more than likely even the 1930s. Tricksters of various sorts are shown on the early postcards, but not the means of appeasing them".[40] Trick-or-treating does not seem to have become a widespread practice until the 1930s, with the first U.S. appearances of the term in 1934,[41] and the first use in a national publication occurring in 1939.[42]

Costumes

Main article: Halloween costume
People dressed in Halloween Costumes in Dublin.
Halloween costumes are traditionally modeled after supernatural figures such as monsters, ghosts, skeletons, witches, and devils. Over time, the costume selection extended to include popular characters from fiction, celebrities, and generic archetypes such as ninjas and princesses.
Dressing up in costumes and going "guising" was prevalent in Ireland and Scotland at Halloween by the late 19th century.[26] Costuming became popular for Halloween parties in the US in the early 20th century, as often for adults as for children. The first mass-produced Halloween costumes appeared in stores in the 1930s when trick-or-treating was becoming popular in the United States.
Halloween costume parties generally fall on, or around, 31 October, often falling on the Friday or Saturday prior to Halloween.

UNICEF

Main article: Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF
"Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF" has become a common sight during Halloween in North America. Started as a local event in a Northeast Philadelphia neighborhood in 1950 and expanded nationally in 1952, the program involves the distribution of small boxes by schools (or in modern times, corporate sponsors like Hallmark, at their licensed stores) to trick-or-treaters, in which they can solicit small-change donations from the houses they visit. It is estimated that children have collected more than $118 million for UNICEF since its inception. In Canada, in 2006, UNICEF decided to discontinue their Halloween collection boxes, citing safety and administrative concerns; after consultation with schools, they instead redesigned the program.[43][44]

Games and other activities

In this Halloween greeting card from 1904, divination is depicted: the young woman looking into a mirror in a darkened room hopes to catch a glimpse of the face of her future husband.
There are several games traditionally associated with Halloween parties. One common game is dunking or apple bobbing, which may be called "dooking" in Scotland[45] in which apples float in a tub or a large basin of water and the participants must use their teeth to remove an apple from the basin. A variant of dunking involves kneeling on a chair, holding a fork between the teeth and trying to drop the fork into an apple. Another common game involves hanging up treacle or syrup-coated scones by strings; these must be eaten without using hands while they remain attached to the string, an activity that inevitably leads to a very sticky face.
Some games traditionally played at Halloween are forms of divination. A traditional Scottish form of divining one's future spouse is to carve an apple in one long strip, then toss the peel over one's shoulder. The peel is believed to land in the shape of the first letter of the future spouse's name.[46] Unmarried women were told that if they sat in a darkened room and gazed into a mirror on Halloween night, the face of their future husband would appear in the mirror. However, if they were destined to die before marriage, a skull would appear. The custom was widespread enough to be commemorated on greeting cards[47] from the late 19th century and early 20th century.
Another game/superstition that was enjoyed in the early 1900s involved walnut shells. People would write fortunes in milk on white paper. After drying, the paper was folded and placed in walnut shells. When the shell was warmed, milk would turn brown therefore the writing would appear on what looked like blank paper. Folks would also play fortune teller. In order to play this game, symbols were cut out of paper and placed on a platter. Someone would enter a dark room and was ordered to put her hand on a piece of ice then lay it on a platter. Her "fortune" would stick to the hand. Paper symbols included: dollar sign-wealth, button-bachelorhood, thimble-spinsterhood, clothespin- poverty, rice-wedding, umbrella- journey, caldron-trouble, 4-leaf clover- good luck, penny-fortune, ring-early marriage, and key-fame.[48]
The telling of ghost stories and viewing of horror films are common fixtures of Halloween parties. Episodes of television series and Halloween-themed specials (with the specials usually aimed at children) are commonly aired on or before the holiday, while new horror films are often released theatrically before the holiday to take advantage of the atmosphere.

Haunted attractions

Main article: Haunted attraction
Humorous tombstones in front of a house in northern California.
Haunted attractions are entertainment venues designed to thrill and scare patrons. Most attractions are seasonal Halloween businesses. Origins of these paid scare venues are difficult to pinpoint, but it is generally accepted that they were first commonly used by the Junior Chamber International (Jaycees) for fundraising.[49] They include haunted houses, corn mazes, and hayrides,[50] and the level of sophistication of the effects has risen as the industry has grown. Haunted attractions in the United States bring in an estimate $300–500 million each year, and draw some 400,000 customers, although press sources writing in 2005 speculated that the industry had reached its peak at that time.[49] This maturing and growth within the industry has led to technically more advanced special effects and costuming, comparable with that of Hollywood films.[51]

Foods

Candy apple
Because the holiday comes in the wake of the annual apple harvest, candy apples (known as toffee apples outside North America), caramel or taffy apples are common Halloween treats made by rolling whole apples in a sticky sugar syrup, sometimes followed by rolling them in nuts.
At one time, candy apples were commonly given to children, but the practice rapidly waned in the wake of widespread rumors that some individuals were embedding items like pins and razor blades in the apples.[52] While there is evidence of such incidents,[53] they are quite rare and have never resulted in serious injury. Nonetheless, many parents assumed that such heinous practices were rampant because of the mass media. At the peak of the hysteria, some hospitals offered free X-rays of children's Halloween hauls in order to find evidence of tampering. Virtually all of the few known candy poisoning incidents involved parents who poisoned their own children's candy.[54]
One custom that persists in modern-day Ireland is the baking (or more often nowadays, the purchase) of a barmbrack (Irish: báirín breac), which is a light fruitcake, into which a plain ring, a coin and other charms are placed before baking. It is said that those who get a ring will find their true love in the ensuing year. This is similar to the tradition of king cake at the festival of Epiphany.
List of foods associated with the holiday:

Around the world

Main article: Halloween around the world
The traditions and importance of the Halloween celebration vary significantly among countries that observe it. In Scotland and Ireland, traditional Halloween customs include children dressing up in costume going "guising", holding parties, while other practices in Ireland include lighting bonfires, and having firework displays.[55][56] Mass transatlantic immigration in the 19th century popularized Halloween in North America, and celebration in the United States and Canada has had a significant impact on how the event is observed in other nations. This larger North American influence, particularly in iconic and commercial elements, has extended to places such as South America, Australia,[57] New Zealand,[58] (most) continental Europe, Japan, and other parts of East Asia.[59]

Religious perspectives

See also: All Saints' Day and Samhain

Christianity

Christian attitudes towards Halloween are diverse. In the Anglican Church, some dioceses have chosen to emphasize the Christian traditions associated with All Hallow's Eve.[60][61] Some of these practises include praying, fasting and attending worship services.[1][2][3]
Father, All-Powerful and Ever-Living God, today we rejoice in the holy men and women of every time and place. May their prayers bring us your forgiveness and love. We ask this through Christ our Lord. Amen. —All Hallow's Eve Prayer from the Liturgy of the Hours[62]
Other Protestant Christians also celebrate the holiday as Reformation Day, a day to remember the Protestant Reformation, alongside All Hallow's Eve or independently from it.[63][64] Often, "Harvest Festivals" or "Reformation Festivals" are held, in which children dress up as Bible characters or Reformers.[65]
Father Gabriele Amorth, a Vatican-appointed exorcist in Rome, has said, "if English and American children like to dress up as witches and devils on one night of the year that is not a problem. If it is just a game, there is no harm in that."[66] In more recent years, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston has organized a "Saint Fest" on the holiday.[67] Similarly, many contemporary Protestant churches view Halloween as a fun event for children, holding events in their churches where children and their parents can dress up, play games, and get candy for free. Many Christians ascribe no negative significance to Halloween, treating it as a purely cultural holiday devoted to celebrating "imaginary spooks" and handing out candy. To these Christians, Halloween holds no threat to the spiritual lives of children: being taught about death and mortality, and the ways of the Celtic ancestors actually being a valuable life lesson and a part of many of their parishioners' heritage.[68] In the Roman Catholic Church, Halloween's Christian connection is sometimes cited,[69] and Halloween celebrations are common in Catholic parochial schools throughout North America and in Ireland. Nevertheless, the Vatican has strongly condemned the traditions popularly associated with Halloween as being "pagan" and "anti-Christian".[70]
Some Christians feel concerned about the modern celebration of Halloween, and reject the holiday because they feel it trivializes – or celebrates – paganism, the occult, or other practices and cultural phenomena deemed incompatible with their beliefs.[71] A response among some fundamentalist and conservative evangelical churches in recent years has been the use of "Hell houses", themed pamphlets, or comic-style tracts such as those created by Jack T. Chick in order to make use of Halloween's popularity as an opportunity for evangelism.[67] Some consider Halloween to be completely incompatible with the Christian faith,[72] believing it to have originated as a pagan "Festival of the Dead".

Paganism

Celtic Neopagans consider the season a holy time of year.[73] Celtic Reconstructionists, and others who maintain ancestral customs, make offerings to the gods and the ancestors.[73]

Image gallery

  • Scary Halloween Figures 2012.jpg
  • Siamese Halloween Figures 2011C.jpg
  • Colorful Halloween Costume 2011.JPG
  • Halloween Witch 2011.JPG
  • Interesting Halloween Costumes 2011.JPG
  • Creepy Halloween Costumes 2011.JPG
  • Halloween Midgets 2011.JPG

See also

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Portal icon Holidays portal

References

  1. ^ a b c "BBC - Religions - Christianity: All Hallows' Eve". British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2011. "All Hallows' Eve falls on 31st October each year, and is the day before All Hallows' Day, also known as All Saints' Day in the Christian calendar. The Church traditionally held a vigil on All Hallows' Eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself. The name derives from the Old English 'hallowed' meaning holy or sanctified and is now usually contracted to the more familiar word Hallowe'en."
  2. ^ a b The Book of Occasional Services 2003. Church Publishing, Inc.. 2004. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "Service for All Hallows' Eve: This service may be used on the evening of October 31, known as All Hallows' Eve. Suitable festivities and entertainments may take place before or after this service, and a visit may be made to a cemetery or burial place."
  3. ^ a b Anne E. Kitch (2004). The Anglican Family Prayer Book. Church Publishing, Inc.. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "All Hallow's Eve, which later became known as Halloween, is celebrated on the night before All Saints' Day, November 1. Use this simple prayer service in conjunction with Halloween festivities to mark the Christian roots of this festival."
  4. ^ The Paulist Liturgy Planning Guide. Paulist Press. 2006. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "Rather than comete, liturgy planners would do well to consider ways of including children in the celebration of these vigil Masses. For example, children might be encouraged to wear Halloween costumes representing their patron saint or their favorite saint, clearly adding a new level of meaning to the Halloween celebrations and the celebration of All Saints' Day."
  5. ^ Thomas Thomson, Charles Annandale (1896). A History of the Scottish People from the Earliest Times: From the Union of the kingdoms, 1706, to the present time. Blackie. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "Of the stated rustic festivals peculiar to Scotland the most important was Hallowe'en, a contraction for All-hallow Evening, or the evening of All-Saints Day, the annual return of which was a season for joy and festivity."
  6. ^ a b Merriam-Webster's Encyclopædia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. 1999. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "Halloween, also called All Hallows' Eve, holy or hallowed evening observed on October 31, the eve of All Saints' Day. The pre-Christian observances influenced the Christian festival of All Hallows' Eve, celebrated on the same date."
  7. ^ Nicholas Rogers (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "Halloween and the Day of the Dead share a common origin in the Christian commemoration of the dead on All Saints' and All Souls' Day. But both are thought to embody strong pre-Christian beliefs. In the case of Halloween, the Celtic celebration of Samhain is critical to its pagan legacy, a claim that has been foregrounded in recent years by both new-age enthusiasts and the evangelical Right."
  8. ^ Austrian information. 1965. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "The feasts of Hallowe'en, or All Hallows Eve and the devotions to the dead on All Saints' and All Souls' Day are both mixtures of old Celtic, Druid and other heathen customs intertwined with Christian practice."
  9. ^ "BBC - Religions - Christianity: All Hallows' Eve". British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2011. "The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions also claims that Hallowe'en "absorbed and adopted the Celtic new year festival, the eve and day of Samhain". However, there are supporters of the view that Hallowe'en, as the eve of All Saints' Day, originated entirely independently of Samhain and some question the existence of a specific pan-Celtic religious festival which took place on 31st October/1st November."
  10. ^ a b The Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. 1989. ISBN 0-19-861186-2.
  11. ^ a b c d Rogers, Nicholas (2002). "Samhain and the Celtic Origins of Halloween". Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 11–21. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
  12. ^ a b Hutton, Ronald, The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996)
  13. ^ a b A Pocket Guide To Superstitions Of The British Isles (Publisher: Penguin Books Ltd; Reprint edition: 4 November 2004) ISBN 0-14-051549-6
  14. ^ a b All Hallows' Eve BBC. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
  15. ^ "Halloween." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2009. Credo Reference. Web. 21 September 2012.
  16. ^ Spence, Lewis (1945) "The Magic Arts in Celtic Britain". p. 88. ISBN 0-09-474300-2
  17. ^ a b Rogers, Nicholas (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 22, 27. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
  18. ^ "All Saints' Day." The Columbia Encyclopedia. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008. Credo Reference. Web. 21 September 2012.
  19. ^ a b Rogers, Nicholas (2001). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press. pp. 28–30. ISBN 0-19-514691-3.
  20. ^ a b c Prince Sorie Conteh (2009). Traditionalists, Muslims, and Christians in Africa: Interreligious Encounters and Dialogue. Cambria Press. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "It was traditionally believed that the souls of the departed wandered the earth until All Saints' Day, and All Hallows' Eve provided one last chance for the dead to gain vengeance on their enemies before moving onto the next world. In order to avoid being recognised by any soul that might be seeking such vengeanc, people would don masks or costumes to disguise their identities. Today most North American and British children perpetuate the custom by dressing in costumes and going door to door in search of treats."
  21. ^ a b Rogers, Nicholas (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 37-38. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
  22. ^ a b c Rogers, Nicholas (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 49-50. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
  23. ^ Rogers, Nicholas (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, p. 74. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
  24. ^ Rogers, Nicholas (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 29, 57. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
  25. ^ a b The Oxford companion to American food and drink p.269. Oxford University Press, 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2011
  26. ^ a b c Frank Leslie's popular monthly, Volume 40, November 1895, p. 540-543. Books.google.com. 5 February 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  27. ^ Nathaniel Hawthorne, "The Great Carbuncle," in "Twice-Told Tales", 1837: Hide it [the great carbuncle] under thy cloak, say'st thou? Why, it will gleam through the holes, and make thee look like a jack-o'-lantern!
  28. ^ As late as 1900, an article on Thanksgiving entertaining recommended a lit jack-o'-lantern as part of the festivities. "The Day We Celebrate: Thanksgiving Treated Gastronomically and Socially," The New York Times, 24 November 1895, p. 27. "Odd Ornaments for Table," The New York Times, 21 October 1900, p. 12.
  29. ^ Rogers, Nicholas (2002). "Halloween Goes to Hollywood". Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 103–124. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
  30. ^ Thomas Crawford Burns: a study of the poems and songs Stanford University Press, 1960
  31. ^ Simpson, Jacqueline All Saints' Day in Encyclopedia of Death and Dying, Howarth, G. and Leeman, O. (2001)London Routledge ISBN 0-415-18825-3, p.14 Halloween is closely associated in folklore with death and the supernatural.
  32. ^ "Ask Anne", Washington Post, 21 November 1948, p. S11.
  33. ^ Act 2, Scene 1.
  34. ^ Rogers, Nicholas. (2002) "Coming Over:Halloween in North America". Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. p.76. Oxford University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-19-514691-3
  35. ^ Ruth Edna Kelley, The Book of Hallowe'en, Boston: Lothrop, Lee and Shepard Co., 1919, chapter 15, p.127. "Hallowe'en in America."
  36. ^ Kelley, Ruth Edna. "Hallowe'en in America".
  37. ^ Theo. E. Wright, "A Halloween Story," St. Nicholas, October 1915, p. 1144. Mae McGuire Telford, "What Shall We Do Halloween?" Ladies Home Journal, October 1920, p. 135.
  38. ^ "'Trick or Treat' Is Demand," Herald (Lethbridge, Alberta), November 4, 1927, p. 5, dateline Blackie, Alberta, Nov. 3.
  39. ^ For examples, see the websites Postcard & Greeting Card Museum: Halloween Gallery, Antique Hallowe'en Postcards, Vintage Halloween Postcards, and Morticia's Morgue Antique Halloween Postcards.
  40. ^ E-mail from Louise and Gary Carpentier, 29 May 2007, editors of Halloween Postcards Catalog (CD-ROM), G & L Postcards.
  41. ^ "Halloween Pranks Keep Police on Hop," Oregon Journal (Portland, Oregon), 1 November 1934:
    Other young goblins and ghosts, employing modern shakedown methods, successfully worked the "trick or treat" system in all parts of the city.
    "The Gangsters of Tomorrow", The Helena Independent (Helena, Montana), 2 November 1934, p. 4:
    Pretty Boy John Doe rang the door bells and his gang waited his signal. It was his plan to proceed cautiously at first and give a citizen every opportunity to comply with his demands before pulling any rough stuff. "Madam, we are here for the usual purpose, 'trick or treat.'" This is the old demand of the little people who go out to have some innocent fun. Many women have some apples, cookies or doughnuts for them, but they call rather early and the "treat" is given out gladly.
    The Chicago Tribune also mentioned door-to-door begging in Aurora, Illinois on Halloween in 1934, although not by the term "trick-or-treating." "Front Views and Profiles" (column), Chicago Tribune, 3 November 1934, p. 17.
  42. ^ Doris Hudson Moss, "A Victim of the Window-Soaping Brigade?" The American Home, November 1939, p. 48. Moss was a California-based writer.
  43. ^ Beauchemin, Genevieve; CTV.ca News Staff (31 May 2006). "UNICEF to end Halloween 'orange box' program". CTV. Retrieved 29 October 2006.
  44. ^ "History of the Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF Campaign". UNICEF Canada. 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
  45. ^ Apple dookers make record attempt, BBC News, 2 October 2008
  46. ^ McNeill, F. Marian (1961, 1990) The Silver Bough, Vol. 3. William MacLellan, Glasgow ISBN 0-948474-04-1 pp.11–46
  47. ^ "Vintage Halloween Cards". Vintage Holiday Crafts. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
  48. ^ Green Bay Press Gazette, 27 October 1916
  49. ^ a b Associated Press (30 October 2005). "Haunted house business getting frightfully hard". MSNBC.com. MSNBC. Retrieved 18 November 2008.
  50. ^ Greg Ryan (17 September 2008). "A Model of Mayhem". Hudson Valley Magazine. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  51. ^ Wilson, Craig (12 October 2006). "Haunted houses get really scary". USAToday.com.
  52. ^ Rogers, Nicholas (2002). "Razor in the Apple: Struggle for Safe and Sane Halloween, c. 1920–1990," Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 78–102. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
  53. ^ "Urban Legends Reference Pages: Pins and Needles in Halloween Candy". Snopes.com. Retrieved 31 October 2008.
  54. ^ Nixon, Robin (27 October 2010). "Poisoned Halloween Candy: Trick, Treat or Myth? - LiveScience". LiveScience.com. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
  55. ^ Halloween fire calls 'every 90 seconds' UTV News Retrieved 22 November 2010
  56. ^ McCann, Chris (28 October 2010). "Halloween firework injuries are on the increase". Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
  57. ^ Paul Kent (27 October 2010). The Herald Sun.
  58. ^ Denton, Hannah (30 October 2010). "Safe treats for kids on year's scariest night". New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
  59. ^ Rogers, Nicholas (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, p.164. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
  60. ^ "Bishop Challenges Supermarkets to Lighten up Halloween". The Church of England. Retrieved 28 October 2009. "Christianity needs to make clear its positive message for young people. It's high time we reclaimed the Christian aspects of Halloween," says the Bishop, explaining the background to his letter."
  61. ^ "Halloween and All Saints Day". newadvent.org. n.d.. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
  62. ^ "Halloween Prayers: Prayers and Collects for All Hallows Eve". Ancient and Future Catholics. 2001. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "Father, All-Powerful and Ever-Living God, today we rejoice in the holy men and women of every time and place. May their prayers bring us your forgiveness and love. We ask this through Christ our Lord. Amen."
  63. ^ "Reformation Day". Retrieved 22 October 2009
  64. ^ "Reformation Day: What, Why, and Resources for Worship". The General Board of Discipleship of The United Methodist Church. 21 October 2005. Archived from the original on 23 February 2007. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
  65. ^ Travis Allen (2011). "Christians and Halloween". John F. MacArthur. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "Other Christians will opt for Halloween alternatives called "Harvest Festivals" or "Reformation Festivals"--the kids dress up as farmers, Bible characters, or Reformation heroes."
  66. ^ Gyles Brandreth, "The Devil is gaining ground" Sunday Telegraph (London), 11 March 2000.
  67. ^ a b "Salem 'Saint Fest' restores Christian message to Halloween". www.rcab.org. n.d.. Archived from the original on 29 September 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
  68. ^ "Feast of Samhain/Celtic New Year/Celebration of All Celtic Saints 1 November". All Saints Parish. n.d.. Retrieved 22 November 2006.
  69. ^ Halloween's Christian Roots AmericanCatholic.org. Retrieved on 24 October 2007.
  70. ^ Vatican condemns Hallowe'en as anti-Christian, telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
  71. ^ Halloween: What's a Christian to Do? (1998) by Steve Russo.
  72. ^ "'Trick?' or 'Treat?' – Unmasking Halloween". The Restored Church of God. n.d.. Retrieved 21 September 2007.
  73. ^ a b "A to Z of Halloween". The Limerick Leader. 29 October 2009. Retrieved 29 October 2009.

Further reading

External links

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