Marina Silva
Former Brazilian senator
Maria Osmarina Marina Silva Vaz de Lima is a Brazilian environmentalist and politician. Silva was a colleague of Chico Mendes, who was assassinated for defending the Amazon environment.
Born: February 8, 1958 (age 56), Rio Branco, Acre
Previous office: Senator of Brazil (2003–2011)
Spouse: Fábio Vaz de Lima (m. 1986), Raimundo Souza (m. 1980–1985)
Children: Shalon Silva, Mayara Silva, Danilo Silva, Moara Silva
Education: Federal University of Acre (1981–1984), University of Brasília, Universidade Católica de Brasília
Parents: Maria Augusta da Silva, Pedro Augusto da Silva
Maria Osmarina Marina Silva Vaz de Lima(born 8 February 1958) is a Brazilian environmentalist and politician. Silva was a colleague of Chico Mendes, who was assassinated for defending the Amazon environment. She was a member of the Worker's Party (PT) until 19 August 2009 and served as a senator before becoming environmental minister in 2003. In 1996, Silva won the Goldman Environmental Prize for South & Central America. In 2007, the United Nations Environment Program named her one of the Champions of the Earth[4] and the 2009 Sophie Prize. Running in the 2010 Brazilian elections for the Green Party (PV), she earned 19.33% of the popular votes.
In 2010, she, along with Cécile Duflot, Monica Frassoni, Elizabeth May and Renate Künast, were named by Foreign Policy magazine to its list of top global thinkers, for taking Green mainstream. In 2012 she was one of the eight people chosen to carry the flag into opening ceremony of the London Olympic Games.
In April 2014, Eduardo Campos announced his candidacy for the October presidential election, naming Marina Silva as his vice presidential candidate. After Campos's death in a plane crash on 13 August, she was selected to run as the Socialist Party's candidate for the presidency.
Early life
Marina Silva was born in the small
village of Breu Velho, 70 km outside Rio Branco, Acre. Silva is a descendant of
Portuguese and black African ancestors in both her maternal and paternal
lines.[11] She was one of eleven children in a community of rubber tappers on
the Bagaço rubber tree plantation (Portuguese Seringal Bagaço), in the western
state of Acre. Growing up, she survived five bouts of malaria in addition to
cases of hepatitis and metal poisoning.
Orphaned at age 16, young Marina
moved to the state capital, Rio Branco, to study and receive treatment for
hepatitis. She was taken in by nuns in a convent and received a Catholic
education. There, she became the first person in her family to learn to read
and write. After leaving the convent, she went to work as a housemaid in
exchange for lodging. She graduated in History from the Federal University of
Acre at 26 and became increasingly politically active. In 1984 Silva helped
create Acre's first workers' union.
She led demonstrations called
empates with Chico Mendes to warn against deforestation and the outplacement of
forest communities from their traditional locations.
Silva as a Senator
In 1994, Ms. Silva was the first
rubber tapper ever elected to the federal senate. As a native Amazonian and a
senator, she built support for environmental protection of the reserves as well
as for social justice and sustainable development in the Amazon region.
Deforestation decreased by 59% from 2004 to 2007, during which she implemented
an integrated government policy. It simultaneously fostered sustainable
development, favored territorial zoning, and attached greater value to standing
forests. It also incorporated elements from international conventions and
documents. "All of this demonstrates that, when there is integrated
planning and effort, it is truly possible to change the picture," Silva
said in a statement to the Embassy of Brazil in London.
Silva as Lula's Minister
A member of the Workers' Party,
Marina Silva was appointed Environment Minister by Lula in his first term
(2003). She remained in office until 2008 and received several criticisms from
entrepreneurs (mainly related to agribusiness) on account of delays in granting
permits for projects with large environmental impact. In early 2005, however,
she stated that she would not give up upon facing challenges even if imposed by
the government to which she belonged, like when the controversy over the Sao
Francisco River Diversion Project happened.[19] and the building of BR 163
highway through the rainforest: "I don't admit defeat, just challenges
that must be overcome".
Also in 2005, Silva established the
main lines of action for the next two years: social participation, sustainable
development, creation of a National Environmental System and an Integrated
Environmental Policy. As she said, "Our ministry is new. It's only 13
years old, and it needs to be rebuilt".
In the same year, Silva was
confronted by Paulo Adário, coordinator of Greenpeace Brazil, over her
environmental actions in her tenure in the ministry. Ever since her tenure
began, Ms. Silva, together with the Federal Police, the Brazilian Army and the
Federal Highway Police, the Brazilian Environment Ministry performed 32
operations against illegal deforestation in the Amazon. But Adário claims that
his organization monitors the Amazon region and that only one of such
operations was conducted in October 2004, in the town of Itaituba, Pará.
According to him, even if the 32 operations had actually been accomplished,
this would represent only half of what was anticipated in the National Plan to
Combat Deforestation.
Resignation
Marina Silva in 2008
Silva resigned mid-May in 2008. She was
replaced by Carlos Minc. Silva cited "the growing resistance found by our
team in important sectors of the government and society" as the reason for
her resignation. The last straw for her came when President Lula da Silva
designated Roberto Mangabeira Unger, the minister for strategic affairs, to
coordinate an "Amazon sustainable development initiative" instead of
her, who had been reared in the tropical rainforest she sought to preserve. She
had become increasingly isolated in Lula da Silva's government due to her views
on hydroelectric dams, biofuels, and genetically modified crops.
"It's time to start praying
[for the rainforest]," Sérgio Leitão, the director of public policy for
Greenpeace in Brazil, said after Silva's resignation.
Party switch and 2010 Presidential
bid.
Waist high portrait of three middle
aged people in the library of what could be a boat or other confined space.
Silva (center) with Thomas Lovejoy
and Stephen Schneider
On 19 August 2009, Silva announced
her switch from the Workers' Party to the Green Party, primarily in protest
against the environmental policies endorsed by the PT. Confirming the
expectations, Marina Silva launched her candidacy to the 2010 election under
the Green Party ticket on 16 May 2010 in the city of Nova Iguaçu, state of Rio
de Janeiro. Silva said she wanted to be "the first black woman of poor
origin" to become president of Brazil.
She has also become a Pentecostal
Christian in the Assemblies of God, the second largest Christian denomination
in Brazil after the declining but still mainstream Roman Catholic church.
Nevertheless, during her election campaign, she was criticized by one of the
main leaders of the Brazilian Assemblies of God, Pastor Silas Malafaia, after
having proposed a referendum on abortion and decriminalization of marijuana.
According to Malafaia, Marina Silva should be "more courageous and
consistent" in defense of her religious convictions.
Silva on SBT
In her campaign, Silva defended the
"exercise of citizen-based political principles and values",
"education for the knowledge society", "economy applied to a
sustainable society", "social protection, health, welfare and 3rd
generation of social programs", "quality of life and safety for all
Brazilians", and "strengthening of culture and diversity".
With her speech against the endemic
corruption in Brazil (see A Privataria Tucana and Mensalão scandal), and in
favor of sustainable development (with a due consideration to environmental
issues), Silva managed to attract the middle class sectors disillusioned with
the government of the Fernando Henrique Cardoso's PSDB and dissatisfied with
the compensatory social policies of Lula da Silva's administration. As a
result, she became an alternative to the Brazilian people.
Marina Silva received a strong
support of the high educational level and young population. She run by a small
party, so she had about 1/20 of the TV time, comparing with the other two
biggest party coalitions. Opinion polls notwithstanding, she received 19.4% of
the votes cast. This number far exceeded earlier estimates (more than double),
but not enough to join the runoff against Dilma Rousseff or José Serra.
